通信英语文章
① 急求一篇关于通信方面新发展的英语文章，一千字左右，
“随着电信与信息技术的飞速发展，对传统的信息传播方式有了许多突破性创新，我们的生活也将悄然改变。”日前举行的南京邮电大学与福建省信息产业厅及企业家代表团产学研合作洽谈会上，有关专家描绘了一些已经或正在实现的通信技术给人们带来的便捷图景。
未来手机将取代手提电脑、相机
随着4月1日中国移动面向8个城市正式启动TD―SCDMA社会化业务测试和试商用工作，我国第三代移动通信(3G)“中国标准”迈出了真正踏入市场前的最后一步。“已经到来的3G时代,使得手机由通信工具变身为个人信息服务中心，未来将会逐步取代数码相机、摄像机，最终还能取代手提电脑。”与会的南京邮电大学校长杨震教授、福建富士通信息软件公司市场副总监黄震奇等专家如此预言。
据专家介绍，3G手机是指将无线通信与互联网等多媒体通信结合的新一代移动通信系统。用户可以通过3G手机浏览网页、发电子邮件、购物、付账、购票、连网玩游戏，或是寻找想去的商店等。由此，手机上网或许将取代电脑上网，成为未来主要的上网方式。此外，有不少型号的3G手机还自带摄像头，这使得用户可以利用手机进行视频通话或电脑会议，也将使数码相机、摄像机成为一种“多余”。
据专家透露，第四代移动通信(4G)技术目前也已提上日程，国际上正在就其标准征集草案，两年之内有望提交国际电联进行讨论，并进入试验、测试阶段。“手机比电脑更普及，比报纸更互动，比电视更便携，比广播更丰富。终将有一天，以手机为中心的第五媒体将成为未来媒体的主流。”专家对此充满信心。
三网融合，看电视上网打电话一根线搞定
电话线、有线电视线、网络线，不少人装修新房时都会被这些似蛛网般的线路搞得头昏眼花。南京邮电大学校长杨震教授等与会专家在接受记者采访时表示，随着电信与信息技术的发展，将来这些一根线就可以搞定。
目前国际上出现了三网融合的潮流，即原先独立设计运营的传统的电信网、计算机网和有线电视网正在趋向于相互渗透和相互融合。相应的，三类不同的业务、市场和产业也正在相互渗透和相互融合，以三大业务来分割三大市场和行业的界限正逐步变得模糊。
杨震告诉记者，在我国，三网融合在技术上早已不存在障碍，但由于“无法可依”，其发展壮大受到很大限制，导致目前三网融合进程迟滞，阻碍了人们早日分享数字革命带来的好处，而且非常严重的重复建设也带来很大浪费。但三网融合是通信技术和业务发展的必然趋势。我国应借鉴世界先进经验，建立融合的通信管制机构，积极推进三网融合，这更有利于信息化的深入推进。
利用电线上网已成为可能
一幢大楼里，仅仅通过普通的电源插座，联上一个电力线宽带调制解调器，整个楼里所有的计算机都可以同时享用高速网络。杨震等与会专家告诉记者，这可不是天方夜谭，而是已经在一些国家实现的现实。通过电力线上网这种颠覆性的应用，将来不仅仅是“三网融合”，还有可能“四网融合”。
电力线上网，是用电力线作为传输媒介，至于线上有没有电，或者说电压是多少伏都不重要，只要有一根线，就可以进行数据流的传输。由于每家每户都有现成的电线，用户布网成本很低，电力线在接入价格上极具竞争优势，拥有光明前景，特别是在偏远农村，有可能没有电信网络，却会有电网。因而，作为一种新的电信服务载体，电力线正在得到越来越多的认同。目前美国、德国、奥地利、西班牙、法国等国的电力线通信网络已经开始运营，并有众多的电力企业在悄悄地进行相关试验，争取有朝一日进入电信运营市场分一杯羹。 （琅闰学校）
② 通信工程专业英语论文翻译
蓝牙技术允许信息存储在手机上可以显示在电视上，也可以变换分析的信息，以便在电脑上听声。
蓝牙技术的传输速率设计到1MHz。实现全双工通信的时间division.The的协议是区为基础的电路交换和分组交换的组合。
通过无线芯片接收器与蓝牙技术的电子产品能够在十公尺，可连接传输速度可以达到每秒1万亿字节。
蓝牙技术是一种新的无线传输，在1998年推出。它实际上取代数据电缆的短距离无线通信技术，通过实现低带宽的点至点广播，或点对多点链路之间的信息交流。
点，以点传输，无线红外传输是一种，它是必要的，在准确的方向，而不是很远的地方。如果在中间有障碍物时，它不能穿过墙壁，且无法控制信息传输的速度。
③ 通信英语短文翻译
The Internet is a giant network of computers located all over the world that communicate with each other.
The Internet is an international collection of computer networks` that all understand a standard system of addresses and commands, connected together through backbone systems. It was started in 1969, when the U.S. Department of Defence established a nationwide network to connect a handful of universities and contractors. The original idea was to increase computing capacity that could be shared by users in many locations and to find out what it would take for computer networks to survive a nuclear war or other disaster by providing multiple path between users. People on the ARPNET (as this nationwide network was originally called) quickly discovered that they could exchange messages and conct electronic "conferences" with distant colleagues for purposes that had nothing to do with the military instrial complex. If somebody else had something interesting stored on their computer, it was a simple matter to obtain a (assuming the owner did not protect it).
Over the years, additional networks joined which added access to more and more computers. The first international connections, to Norway and England, were added in 1973. Today thousands of networks and millions of computers are connected to the Internet. It is growing so quickly that nobody can say exactly how many users "On the Net".
The Internet is the largest repository of information which can provide very very large network resources. The network resources can be divided into network facilities resources and network information resources. The network facilities resources provide us the ability of remote computation and communication. The network information resources provides us all kinds of information services, such as science, ecation, business, history, law, art, and entertainment, etc.
The goal of your use of the Internet is exchanging messages or obtaining information. What you need to know is that you can exchange message with other computers on the Internet and use your computer as a remote terminal on distant computers. But the internal details of the link are less important, as long as it works. If you connect computers together on a network, each computer must have a unique address, which could be either a word or a number. For example, the address of Sam's computer could be Sam, or a number.
The Internet is a huge interconnected system, but it uses just a handful of method to move data around. Until the recent explosion of public interest in the Internet, the vast majority of the computers on the Net use the Unix operating system. As a result, the standard Unix commands for certain Internet services have entered the online community's languages as both nouns and verbs to describe the services themselves. Some of the services that the Internet can provide are: Mail, Remote use of another computer (Telnet), File Transfer (FTP), News, and Live conversation.
The most commonly used network service is electronic mail (E-mail), or simply as mail. Mail permits network users to send textual messages to each other. Computers and networks handle delivering the mail, so that communicating mail users do not have to handle details of delivery, and do not have to be present at the same time or place.
The simplest way to access a file on another host is to it across the network to your local host. FTP can do this.
Presently, a user with an account on any Internet machine can establish a live connection to any other machine on the Net from the terminal in his own office or laboratory. It is only necessary to use the Unix command that sets up a remote terminal connection (Telnet), followed by the address of the distant machine. Before you can use the Internet, you must choose a way to move data between the Internet and your PC. This link may be a high-speed data communication circuit, a local area network (LAN), a telephone live or a radio channel. Most likely, you will use a Modem attached to your telephone line to talk to the Internet. Naturally, the quality of your Internet connection and service, like many other things in life, is dictated by the amount of money that you are willing to spend.
Although all these services can well satisfy the needs of the users for information exchange, a definite requirement is needed for the users. Not only should the users know where the resources locates, but also he should know some operating commands concerned to ease the searching burden of the users, recently some convenient searching tools appears, such as Gopher, WWW and Netscape.
World wide web (www) is a networked hypertext protocol and user interface. It provides access to multiple services and documents like Gopher does but is more ambitious in its method. A jump to other Internet service can be triggered by a mouse click on a "hotlinked" word, image, or icon on the Web page.
As more and more systems join the Internet, and as more and more forms of information can be converted to digital form, the amount of stuff available to Internet users continues to grow. At some points very soon after the nationwide (and later worldwide) Internet started to grow, people began to treat the Net as a community, with its own tradition and customs. For example, somebody would ask a question in a conference, and a complete stranger would send back an answer: after the same question were repeated several time by people who hadn't seen the original answers, somebody else gathered list of "frequently asked questions" and placed it where newcomers could find it.
So we can say that the Internet is your PC's window to the rest of the world.
中文翻译：
Internet是由位于世界各地相互通信的计算机连接而成的巨大的计算机网络。
Internet是计算机网络的国际性的集合，这些网络都符合具有地址和命令的标准体系，并经骨干网连在一起。Internet始建于1969年，当时美国国防部为连接少数几所大学和协议企业而建立了一个全国性网络。最初的想法是要增加计算机能力并可由许多地点的用户共享，并且通过提供用户间多条路径来找到哪一种计算机网络能够在核战或其他灾难中幸存。ARPNET（这种全国网络最初的名称）上的用户很快就发现他们可以与远距离的同事交换消息，并且进行某种目的的电子“会议”，而这些目的与军事工业企业没有任何关系。如果另外一些人在其计算机中存有有趣的东西，得到其拷贝是很容易的事（假定拥有者没有进行保护）。
几年间，新的网络接入使越来越多的计算机加入进来。在1973年进行了第一次与挪威和英国的国际连接。今天，有成千上万的计算机网络和数百万台计算机与Internet相连。Internet发展如此之快以至于没有人能准确地说出网上有多少用户。
Internet是最大的信息宝库，它可以提供非常巨大的网络资源。这种网络资源可分为网络设备资源和网络信息资源。网络设备资源使我们能够进行远程计算和通信。网络信息资源向我们提供各种各样的信息服务，如科学、教育、商务、历史、法律、艺术和娱乐等等。
使用Internet的目的是交换消息或获得信息。你只须知道你可以与Internet上的其他计算机交换消息并将你的计算机用作远端计算机的远程终端，而链路的内部细节并不太重要，只要网络能工作就行。若将多台计算机连接到网络上，每台计算机须有惟一的地址，地址可以是一个字或一个数字。例如Sam的计算机地址可以是Sam或一个数字。
虽然Internet是一个巨大的互联系统，但它仅使用一点简单办法就将数据传来传去。近来公众对Internet产生了极大的兴趣，在这之前，绝大多数网上计算机都使用Unix操作系统。结果，用于某些Internet业务的标准Unix命令已经进入联机团体语言当作名词和动词来描述业务本身。Internet可以提供的一些服务为：电子邮件、远程使用其他计算机、文件传送、电子新闻和实况对话。
最常使用的网络服务是电子邮件，或简称邮件。电子邮件允许网络用户彼此传送文本消息。邮件的传递由计算机和网络处理，邮件用户不必关心传递的细节，也不必同时在场。
从其他主机中获得文件的最简单的方式是通过网络将其拷贝到你的计算机上。文件传送（FTP）可完成这项工作。
目前，用户在Internet建立账户后，就可从其办公室和实验室的终端上与网上其他计算机建立实时连接。只需使用Unix命令Telnet来建立远程终端连接，命令后跟上远端计算机的地址即可。
在使用Internet之前，必须使用一种方法在你的PC机和Internet之间传送数据。这种连接的链路可以是高速数据通信电路、局域网（LAN）、电话线路或无线信道。最有可能的是，你使用Modem连到电话线上与Internet对话。当然，像生活中许多其他的事物一样，与Internet连接和服务的质量是由你所花钱的数量决定的。
虽然所有这些服务可以很好地满足用户对信息交换的需要，但用户仍旧还需要具有一些特定的先决条件。用户不仅要知道信息资源所处的位置，而且要知道一些有关的操作命令。为了减轻用户寻找信息的负担，近来出现了一些方便的搜索工具，如Gopher，WWW和Netscape。
全球网（WWW）是一种网络的超文本协议和用户界面。像Gopher一样，它提供多种服务和文件接入方法，但其方法更加有前途。向Internet其他服务的跳转可在“网”页上由鼠标器点击“热链接”的字、图像或按钮来启动。
随着越来越多的系统加入Internet，同时随着越来越多的信息可以转变成数字形式，Internet用户所能得到的东西也在继续增加。随着国家（后来是国际）Internet的发展，很快在某些方面人们开始将互联网看作是一个社区，有自己的传统和习惯。例如某些人会在会议上提出一个问题，一个完全陌生的人会传送一个答案；由于一些人没有看到最初的答案而多次重复这一问题，这时另外一些人会搜集一系列“经常提到的问题”并将其放置在新来者能找到的地方。
所以我们可以说，Internet是你的PC机通向世界其他地方的窗口。
④ 求关于通信方面的 英文论文
1
Wireless technology was little more than just a distant idea for the majority of ordinary consumers ten years ago. However, it has exploded over recent years with the use of 3G phones and wireless home computing increasingly commonplace.
It would be foolish to suggest that wireless communication has reached its peak. Whilst mobile phones and home computing will continue to be the major focus in the quest for ever increasing sophistication within the technology, new applications are emerging daily.
One company, Securecom Technologies, based in Ireland, have been at the forefront of harnessing wireless technologies in the area of personal safety. They already have a number of procts in the marketplace designed to enable users to activate an alarm signal to a remote emergency centre wirelessly. Their Benefon range of applications are used by vulnerable elderly people, lone workers and VIPs to increase their sense of security and ability to effortlessly get in touch with help at the touch of the button.
They are now in the process of developing PERUSE1, which stands for 'Personal Safety System Utilising Satellite combined with Emerging Technologies'. The Peruse project will develop a Wireless Personal Alarm (WPA) solution which will be carried by or worn on a person and will allow the user to summon help at the touch of a button. When the alarm has been activated, the WPA will transmit a low power signal to a satellite communications headset which will forward a message to an authorised number. This will include the identity of the person in distress, as well as their current location. However, the ingenuity of the technology goes further as it will also have the potential to transmit the user's current state of health and local environmental parameters.
It is envisaged that the recipient of the users SOS signal will be a fully equipped Emergency Monitoring Centre to whom the user will have previously given full instructions as to the steps they would wish to have the Centre take on their behalf in the event of an emergency.
There are two core components that are in the development phase. The wireless personal alarm (WPA) and a 'dongle' which provides the handset for satellite communication use which will have a low power wireless link to the WPA.
The important issues here are that the two components will need to take into account size, cost, accuracy of location and battery autonomy. The main benefits will be that the device will be able to be worn or carried on a person discreetly. This makes it ideal for professions such as personal security, where the ability to communicate a message quickly and without fuss can often be of paramount importance. It will herald a new era in satellite communication. No longer will the user have to tap a keypad to enter a number nor will they have to move the handset for optimal signal strength prior to sending an emergence message. This technology will be invaluable to professions such as mountain rescue and will also be a tremendous benefit to those who enjoy hiking and climbing in the course of their leisure pursuits where conventional mobile phone technology can often be rendered useless.
There are currently no known competitors for this potentially life saving technology for which Securecom has filed for both Irish and European Patent Applications. Prototypes have already been manufactured and pilot programmes and laboratory tests are well under way.
UWB (Ultra Wide Band)2 is another example of emerging wireless technology. Alongside traditional wireless uses, UWB can also detect images through solid objects, such as people on the opposite side of a wall. This has led to an equal number of supporters and opponents.
Although UWB can be used for consumer applications in a similar fashion to Bluetooth technology such as cable elimination between a PC and its peripheral equipment, the more interesting applications focus on its 'radar 'like imagery. These applications could be used to find people trapped in a burning building, locating hostages and captors behind a thick wall and finding objects such as those that might be buried in the ground. Heightened security at airports and other public buildings can use UWB technology to detect weapons on people and bombs in luggage and packages. In this age of heightened security, post 9/11, the benefits of this emerging technology should not be understated.
A few companies have started to develop UWB procts, including XtremeSpectrum, Time Domain and Aether Wire. XtremeSpectrum is developing procts to enable the sending and receiving of multiple streams of digital audio and video for both battery powered and other consumer devices such as digital cameras, DVDs, DVRs, camcorders, MP3 players and set top boxes. Time Domain has developed a UWB chip set targeting three core technologies: wireless communication, precision location and tracking, and high definition portable radar whilst Aether Wire is working on miniature, distributed-position location and low data-rate communication devices. One of its goals is to develop coin sized devices that are capable of localisation to centimetre accuracy over kilometre distances.
However, privacy violation is one of the major concerns of the technology's opponents. Any technology that can 'see' through solid objects can be used for illegal purposes as well as legitimate ones. In theory, a UWB-enabled system could 'look through' the walls of a house to locate valuable objects and could detect when the occupants are not at home. Supporters, however, could rightly point out that this is a dilemma shared by many technologies that are used to enhance public safety - the juggling act between increased security versus decreased personal freedom. It could be argued that baggage searches at airports via x-ray and metal detection are common examples of us giving up privacy for better security, a price most people are willing to pay.
No other area is more at the forefront of the emergence of innovation in wireless technology than space exploration. Future missions to nearby planets like Mars will require space communication technologies that can provide an interplanetary satellite and navigation infrastructure via space systems that are far more compact and efficient than seen ever before. A longer term commitment will be necessary to resolve the challenges of efficient planetary communication e to the increase in distances involved as space exploration ventures further out into the solar system. To support planetary exploration, techniques developed for Earth-bound usage will be transferred to other planets as well. Exploration of Mars, for example, will require a high accuracy positioning capability such as a 'Martian GPS' as an aid to exploratory roving vehicles.
This very day, the 'Mars Spirit' space rover continues to send data back to Earth, almost 18 months after it touched down on the red planet, surviving more than 4 times its expected mission length. One day it is highly likely that we may see astronauts walking on Mars carting around wi-fi enabled PCs. In a remote Arizona meteor crater, NASA has already begun testing a mobile wi-fi system that could enable those on a Mars mission to easily deploy wireless data connectivity at a transmission rate of just more than a megabit per second over a 2 square mile area, and then change that coverage area at will through the use of mobile access points, making it entirely feasible to explore different terrain on any given day.
Tropos Networks3 developed the technology which NASA has adopted whereby the astronauts could have inter-connectivity via a three node mesh network. They would first establish a base communications station near their spacecraft and then set up an Ethernet connection between that base and a main access point. Then each node in the network would pick up its wireless connectivity from the access point.
Testing is still in its infancy and there is some way to go before astronauts would be strutting their stuff on Mars and communicating wirelessly with one and other and with mission control in this way.
However, the Mars Spirit space rover is still sending back images and data from the red planet today, relying heavily on wireless technology to do so. It may appear that these vehicles have been designed solely for the purpose of space exploration but closer scrutiny reveals applications that could also be modified and used on Earth. Unlike, say, a car manufacturing robot which knows where and when the engine or body appears on the assembly line, the Mars rovers are working in an unstructured and unknown environment. As a result, the rovers have had to learn about their new home through their own sensors, including a set of nine cameras on each rover. The rovers have two navigation cameras for a 3D view of their surroundings, two hazard avoidance cameras for a 3D view of nearby terrain and panoramic cameras to capture the images of the planet's surface. However, the rovers cannot just look around them, process the images and know where to go. Neither can the mission controllers on Earth grab a joystick and start steering the rovers whilst watching images being beamed back from thousands of miles away. A key reason is processing power. The central processor in each rover has a top speed of 20 MHz. Instead, ring the Martian night, while a rover is 'asleep', a team on Earth with much more powerful computers programs its activities for the day ahead, and then sends basic instructions on where to go and how to get there. Along with taking pictures, each rover is examining the planet with several instruments on a robotic arm. The arms have 'shoulder', 'elbow' and 'wrist' joints for manoeuvrability and are equipped with four sensors: a microscopic camera for close up pictures of rocks, an alpha particle x ray spectrometer for determining the mineral content of rocks, another spectrometer for detecting iron and a rock abrasion tool for cutting through the layer of oxidation that forms on the surfaces of Martian rocks. As with the movement of the rovers, the arms are controlled mostly via prepared commands from mission control.
Some observers have noted that some of these applications may prove useful here on Earth. For example, a robotic arm that doesn't require real time human control might be good for disabled people who use wheelchairs and can't control a joystick with their hands. Using its own sensors, it could reach out and get things for the person in the wheelchair, for example.
In addition, a robot that can deal with new and unknown environments might save manufacturers money. In current factories with 'robotic' workers, when the company shifts to making a new proct, the whole factory floor has to be reconfigured and the robots reprogrammed to deal with the new arrangement. A robot that could use feedback from sensors to figure out where things are could adapt to changes by itself, saving the company the time and effort of building a new structured environment and reprogramming the robots.
With all the emerging technologies around and, inevitably, with more to come, the inevitable hurdle will be one of convergence and integration as the IT instry seeks to develop the tools that will be most sought after. Inevitably, there will be winners and losers.
However, there is no doubt that the wireless phenomenon is reshaping enterprise connectivity worldwide and is definitely here to stay. Business needs information mobility for better customer interaction. Employees will be even more equipped to perform their job functions from their workplace of choice and, though this sounds like utopia, a societal change from office based to 'wherever they feel like being' based might conjure up an horrific vision of the future for company leaders who have enjoyed the traditions of having all their employees working from under the same roof.
Another major issue has to be one of security. There are many issues when it comes to security over wireless networks. Wireless networks do not follow the rules of traditional wired networks. Many times, the signals are carried far beyond the physical parameters they are meant to be controlled within making it easier to intercept signals and capture information.
There will also be the question posed of what happens to the have nots? - Those people and developing countries in particular that don't have the resources to wirelessly interact with others. The same thing could be said about the Internet itself but satellites could alleviate that problem far more quickly than the ability to put broadband connections in every office and home throughout the world.
Another major hurdle has to be that business and society can only adapt at a certain pace. Technology evolves far more quickly and there may be many a proct developed for which the demand is not yet there. But the mobile phone and PC market driven by what the consumer wants will determine what the future of wireless holds.
But there is no question that wireless communication is here to stay and will grow even more.
Signs of the new wireless technologies abound. Consumers are setting up wireless local area networks (WLANS) in their homes. These allow multiple computers to hook up to one fast internet connection or laptop users to connect from the comfort of their sofa or back garden patio. Away from home, 'Hotspots' that permit wireless connection to the internet are popping up everywhere, in book stores, coffee shops, airports and even pubs. Within the next year, airlines are expected to announce the availability of wi-fi ring flights. However, until there is increased competition in the market place, this new epoch will be there for the privileged few as opposed to the mass market who will still be relying solely on their mobile phones for wireless connectivity on the move. It remains to be seen whether the new generation of 3G phones has arrived too late to push aside wi-fi and it's even conceivable that mobile phone companies could one day find themselves obsolete unless they look for new ways to attract and retain customers.
But issues like security, along with the problems of cost, intrusion on privacy and identifying such things as hotspot locations is not going to hold wireless communication and technology back. In the end, there will always be solutions to problems and wi-fi is no different in this respect.
David Reed, an adjunct professor at MIT's Media Lab in Cambridge, Massachusetts has been studying the future of wireless communications. He draws a comparison with the new wi-fi revolution with that of the 'paperless society' which was often mooted in offices and homes all over the world with the advent of the PC. He said, The market will push us towards a wireless future. People love paper but I can't find a single person who can say that about wires.4
As more wi-fi systems are developed which will, in turn, drive the cost down it will become an increasingly less disruptive way to communicate in the future and it will become very difficult for anything else out there to compete with that.
2
It is used by millions of people every minute. For many people the Internet is a "room" that is situated somewhere behind their computer screens in a cyberspace. Though the Internet exists for about a decade it has become the medium of the new network society. The popular and commercial spreading of the Internet has been exceedingly significant - promoting changes in almost every sphere of human activity and society.
From the very beginning of the Internet in 1991, it has completely changed the way firms do business, as well as the way customers buy and use procts and services. The Internet gives extra opportunities for marketing. The spreading of the Internet has been so impetuous that it has been the point for well-grounded analysis. The Internet, virtual reality, can or cannot have negative effects on our culture and society? This paper is concentrated on the Internet phenomenon and on the spreading of the Internet culture and its effects on people.
The first ideas appeared in the 1950s. In the 1980s, technologies that became the basis of the modern Internet began to spread worldwide. In the 1990s the World Wide Web was used all over the world. The infrastructure of the Internet spread all over the world and the modern world wide network of computers have appeared. It spread amidst the western countries, then came into the developing countries and created a worldwide admittance to communications and data and a digital divide in admittance to this new infrastructure.
While studying the amount of Internet users, the Internet had 30 million users on 10 million computers linked to over 240,000 networks in about 100 states. The last figures indicate the fact that International Data Corp values that 40 million people are home web users in the USA in 1999, which consists of 15% of the population. “Le Monde” in 1998 published that 100 million people use the Internet all over the world. Jupiter Communications estimates that active Internet users - 4 to 5 million USA customers - shop regularly on the Internet by 2000, which represents 3% of grown-ups.
The Internet is a very attractive marketing tool with the possibility to customize pages, as well as new promotional systems, giving firms the possibility of communication and promotion effectively by adapting to consumers’ likings. Interactive traits of the Internet permit asking customers their likings, and then the firm can adapt proct offers and promotions to these likings. It provides the effective recruit of new customers. For instance, some car manufacturers ask Internet users for concrete information and in return give potential customers a $1,000 discount coupon or a free CD player coupon.
这里有很多，不知是通讯的具体什么方面，看看这里，找你想要的吧
http://www.ukessays.com/essays/communications/
⑤ 求高手翻译一段通信英语文章
MC-CDMA继承CDMA的干涉拒绝能力和缓和正交频率分割多元化的多重通道的传播作用潜力
(OFDM)。 MC-CDMA以它的频率分集是多用户高数据速率无线通信系统的一份有吸引力的模块化计划。 然而在OFDM和MCCDMA子通道分解不可能达到不增加防护频带或循环前缀，数据标志块的末端零件的拷贝被传送。 由于圆和线性卷积之间的关系在分离傅立叶变换(DFT)， 投下在接收器的卫兵间隔时间零件消灭the残余的相互标志干涉(ISI)。 介绍的这个方法需要传送额外卫兵间隔时间信号
overhead和因而导致鬼无效用和性能退化。 不仅抵抗ISI的贬低的作用的一份高效率的计划，而且保存带宽是分离小波小包的应用变换(DWPT)基于MCCDMA。 在本文我们用替换傅立叶MC-CDMA基底杂岩指数载体规格化正交的小波小包，例如daubechies， haar， biorthogonal，分离 比较MC-CDMA基于分离傅立叶变换(DFT)和MC-CDMA基于分离小波小包表现的meyer和coiflets变换(DWPT)。 使用MC-CDMA的Wireless通信提供巨大机会支持高数据速率和与码元窜扰(ISI)交战由于多重通道的传播作用，本质上地礼物在无线渠道。 使用唯一载体模块化计划也许证明无效的，因为渠道导致了码元窜扰，可能容易地变形一个唯一载体运载的数据。 多载体
molation (MCM)提供延长一频率有选择性退色的好处在许多标志，有效地随机化退色或脉冲噪声造成的猝发错误，因此而不是完全地被毁坏的几个毗邻标志; 许多标志少许被变形。 然而，对更好的解答的寻求根据可能容纳高数据速率的模块化技术，被继续和想法 与代码区分多存取(CDMA)的combining MCM在1993年出生[1]。 它与OFDM的好处结合CDMA的好处例如干涉拒绝，频率再用等，例如强壮反对多重通道和脉冲噪声[2]。 然而，频率偏移的问题被考虑一个
of主要缺点MC-CDMA系统[3]， [4]，起因于介绍信号畸变和功率损失的Doppler’s转移。 近年来分离傅立叶变换基于MC-CDMA被有地方化物产在时间和频域的小波小包信号波形替换[5]， [6]， [7]， [8]。